Ma Nature Really Picking On Michigan For Some Reason

Ariel view of river flooding affected several houses
in Michigan recently. The state has really been socked
by several damaging, sometimes 
deadly storms this spring. 

Every once in awhile, a state or region gets stuck in a weather rut. Anything bad that could happen tends to strike that state. Over and over again. 

This year, especially since March, Michigan seems to have run afoul of Ma Nature's good graces 

The storms that got the most publicity - and were the most tragic - were the tornadoes across southern Michigan on March 6, killing four people and destroying neighborhoods. Especially in Three Rivers and Union City, Michigan. 

A new storm swept through Michigan last weekend, causing widespread flooding and dropping  a tornado. The twister last Saturday, April 4 in Van Burn Township, Wayne County in southeast Michigan. It was and EF-1 with winds of 100 mph and a path running three miles long. 

The flooding in the past week might be the worst of it all. There were dozens of incidents scattered across Michigan, mostly in the western, central and southern parts of the state. Dozens of homes received at least some damage. Especially along the Grand River in Michigan, which touched major flood stage. 

As in many spells of bad weather, Michigan residents last weekend saw a series of flood-related incidents that seemed to hopscotch across the state. 

Heavy rain flooded a large parking lot at an apartment complex in East Lansing, Michigan, destroying a few dozen cars.  It was unfortunately the third time in two years residents had their cars wrecked by flooding. 

The animal rescue group Detroit Animal Welfare Group in Macombe County, Michigan suffered severe flooding,

It took 16 hours to make sure all the animals had been moved to safe location, but on the bri Took 16 hours to get animals to safety at the 25 acre farm. 

A washout on railroad tracks in western Michigan forced Amtrak to suspend service between Grand Rapids and Chicago for several dahs. 

It wasn't just severe weather and flooding over the past month or so.

Easily one of the worst blizzards in Michigan history hit the Upper Peninsula on March 14-17. Some areas received up to four feet of snow. High winds piled the show into enormous drifts. Roads were shut down for days. 

On the southern edge of the blizzard, an ice storm cut power to 120,000 hones and businesses. 

The rough weather didn't stay in Michigan, since storms tend to be more far-ranging than just one state. Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania and western New York all had a brutal series of storms over the past few weeks. 

Western New York has had an especially tough go of it.   The first March tornado in the state since 1976 touched down on the 31st, and the town of Gowanda and surrounding areas suffered serious damage to homes, buildings and cars as thunderstorm winds of more than 70 mph drove torrents of hailstones bigger than golf balls through the area. 

Oneida Lake, a little northeast of Syracuse in New York, is flooding. Strong winds sent waves from the lake into homes in Sylvan Beach, New York, damaging several of them. Sea walls also collapsed under the onslaught. 

Back in Michigan, it's not over. Weather patterns during a particular season sometimes get "stuck."  In this case, a pool of very cold air - basically what's left of the winters polar vortex - has been swirling around near or north of Hudson Bay for weeks. 

Meanwhile, a broad southwesterly flow has helped pull warmth and moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Where those two polar opposite types of air come closest to each other, you get storms. More often than not though the late winter and spring, that stormy air mass meeting spot has been in or near Michigan. 

That will still be more or less the case over the next week, though now that we're later into the spring, the warmer air is winning out in Michigan. Their biggest threats are severe storms and flooding over the next week or so. The worst of it appears as it it will be early next week. 

A rough, snowy winter and that March blizzard means there's still quite a bit of snow left on the ground on the state's Upper Peninsula. 

Warmer temperatures, rain and thunderstorms starting later in the weekend and continuing into next week will melt more snow and raise rivers to flood levels. (There was still three feet of snow on the ground in Marquette, Michigan as of Wednesday, so there's still a lot of snow to melt). 

Places like Wisconsin, Ohio, northwest Pennsylvania and western New York have been caught in this web of storms, too. But Michigan seems to be Ground Zero. Here in Vermont, we're on the outer eastern edge of this persistent storm track. That means we'll have a frequent chance of showers, but it doesn't look like we're under the gun for any extreme weather. 

Looking further ahead, wetter than normal conditions are expected in Michigan for at least the next two weeks, if not beyond that. 

Michigan Governor Wants NWS Staff Cutback Investigation After Surprise Tornadoes

One of the unexpectedly large and deadly
tornadoes that struck southern Michigan on
March 6. Political leaders are calling for
investigations as to whether Trump cuts
 to the National Weather Service are
causing forecast inaccuracies. 

 Michigan Gov Gretchen Whitmer's is asking whether federal budget cutbacks at the National Weather Service contributed to making this month's deadly tornadoes in the state a dangerous surprise. 

No tornado watch had been issued in Michigan before the storms, though tornado warnings were issued when radar images detected rotation and witnesses reported tornadoes forming. 

This, from Whitmer's office: 

"The National Weather Service exists to monitor conditions and inform Americans of severe weather in their communities. The fact that the (National Weather)Service did not issue a tornado watch is troubling, especially  with the loss of life in Michigan," Witmer spokeswoman Stacey LaRouche said in a statement.  

That statement continues:

"While tornadoes can be hard to predict, the federal government should investigate whether the failure to use a watch was related to federal cuts."

Also, Michigan U.S. Senators Gary Peters and Elissa Slotkin also sent letters to the National Weather Service offices in Marquette, Gaylord, Grand Rapids, Detroit and northern Indiana asking whether lack of staffing or resources could have affected whether a tornado watch was issued.  

While it's absolutely possible budget  and staff cuts have hindered the National Weather Service's forecasting prowess, there was also a pecific reason why a watch was not issued. 

This was a unique situation. The Nation Weather Service's Storm Prediction Center did not issue a tornado watch because the atmospheric setup suggested only the risk of isolated, likely weak and brief tornadoes. That's not normally enough to issue a tornado watch. 

A tornado watch is usually issued as a heads up for a large area that widespread, severe storms are likely to occur, noted CBS Detroit chief meteorologist Ahmed J. Bajjey. A watch means people should pay attention and be ready to take shelter if need be. 

And it turns out there was just isolated activity, which followed the "rules" on not issuing a tornado watch.   This one was different, though. Only one supercell thunderstorm produced the series of four tornadoes that spread death and destruction across southern Michigan on March 6.   

 The National Weather Service did issue tornado warnings when it became apparent the twisters were forming. A tornado warning means people should take shelter immediately. 

One good question is did forecaster miss clues ahead of time that southern Michigan would fall victim to intense, long-lasting tornadoes? It's probably worth investigating, not to shame the meteorologists involved, but to learn how to better forecast in scenarios similar to what Michigan endure on March 6, 

 It's been a year since sharp and unpredictable Trump administration cuts to the National Weather Service and its parent organization NOAA began.

There's reason to believe the system is straining.

ANOTHER TORNADO FORECAST

While we're at it, we should look at another questionable tornado forecast. This was on Monday, when NOAA gave a moderate risk - the second highest of five alert levels - of tornadoes in the Mid-Atlantic states. Some of the tornadoes were forecast to be possibly strong.

We did see a few hundred reports of wind damage up and down the East Coast Monday, so part of the forecast came true. But there were hardly any tornadoes, and no strong ones. That's great news, of course. 

But the dire alerts that went out on Sunday that the next day would be a frightening scene of violent tornadoes frightened the public, in this case unnecessarily. 

In this case, forecasters didn't expect some early thunderstorms on the Carolina coast Monday morning that stole energy from the atmosphere in the mid-Atlantic states. The winds in the atmosphere also didn't turn out to be quite as conducive to tornadoes as first thought. 

Updated computer model runs Sunday evening began to back away from the idea of strong tornadoes and wind gusts over 75 mph. But by then the message had gotten out of the tornado risk. It was too late for the public to notice these first signs that the tornado risk was lowering. 

If the so-called DOGE cutbacks at NOAA had any negative effect on the forecast it would have likely come in one of two ways:  One, is National Weather Service offices were so short staffed that meteorologists didn't have the opportunity to note subtle signs that the tornado outbreak was not to be.

That is the more unlikely of the two scenarios. A more plausible explanation is that there are now too few balloon launches that capture the meteorological intricacies of the atmosphere. With not as much data being collected by the weather balloons, the computer generated forecasts might not be as accurate. This is another issue that deserves a lot more scrutiny. 

I don't know whether DOGE is to blame for the botched tornado forecast. But if the short-sighted Trump administration cutbacks are to blame, I fear the next time, the National Weather Service won't be able to forecast and anticipate a deadly tornado outbreak or other weather disaster. 

Meteorology is a complex science. So complex that weather forecasts will be wrong from time to time, no matter how fully staffed a particular National Weather Service office is. 

Michigan's governor and the state's two U.S. Senators will probably learn that the March 6 tornado forecasting didn't fall short.  Many of us first worried a year ago when the DOGE cuts were first happening that they would threaten the lives of Americans.

I'm ready for a full analysis of whether that has been the case.  

At Least Eight Dead In Tornado Outbreak, More Severe Weather Due

Enormous tornado seen shredding a 
neighborhood on Friday across still
partly frozen Union Lake in 
Michigan Friday. 

Tornado season in the United States is off to an early and tragic start. 

So far, at least eight deaths have been reported in tornadoes over the past two days that struck from Texas to Michigan.

As mentioned in an earlier post, a woman and her daughter died in tornado in Oklahoma on Thursday night. 

On Friday, powerful tornadoes unexpectedly struck southern Michigan, killing four people. It was the deadliest day for tornadoes in Michigan since 1980.

Social media has been full of images of a huge tornado chewing up houses in Union City, where three people died. Another tornado hit Three Rivers, where it shredded commercial buildings and houses.  .

Videos are at the bottom of this post.  

Although the forecast indicated there was a small possibility of a  brief, weak tornado in southern Michigan, nobody expected anything like this. This will likely be the earliest on record that twisters of that strength have been seen in Michigan.

Normally, Michigan gets about 13 tornadoes a year, and on average gets just one per year in March.  The only comparable March tornado I can think of off hand was an EF-3 in Dexter, Michigan on March 15, 2012, which destroyed about a dozen homes. 

The Washington Post explains it well:

"The afternoon tornado was particularly striking because it passed over several frozen lakes, including Union Lake. And it did so in an area that may not have been expecting it - the National Weather Service forecast Michigan to have a marginal (1 out of 5) severe weather risk. Only weak, low-end tornadoes were considered plausible, and the main focus of potentially damaging tornadoes on Friday was on the Plains and mid-Mississippi Valley."

Those area were indeed hit later on Friday.  More on that coming up. 

 One persistent supercell thunderstorm swept across southern Michigan, but it's unclear whether that storm produced one tornado with a long path or several tornadoes in succession. The storm formed near a warm front working its way northward. As WaPo noted, meteorologists advise that we should never trust warm fronts in the spring. They often bring unpleasant surprises. 

The first spot that suffered extensive damage was Three Rivers, Michigan, population 7,900.  Video shows the twister crashing into Menard's which issort of the Midwest version of Home Depot or Lowe's 

With shoppers and employees inside, the roof flew off, one end of the store collapsed and much of the front entrance was torn away, Cars were thrown around the parking lot, Amazingly, nobody at Menard's, or anywhere else in town for that matter were seriously injured. 

A still from a video showing a tornado tearing the roof
off of a Menard's in Three Rivers, Michigan, 

One lucky person was the guy unwisely videoing the tornado chaos outside the window of the retail store he was in Despite a giant flock of debris crashing into the store, the window the man was up against did not break. 

Judging from photos of the damage, this tornado might have been an EF-3

As the supercell continued on northeastward, the tornado either continued on northeastward or lifted temporarily before reaching Union City. The tornado that hit this town appeared to be much bigger and likely more powerful than whatever hit Three Rivers

Video showed the tornado roaring through a neighborhood on the north edge of mostly frozen Union Lake. This is where those three people died. A fourth person died elsewhere in southern Michigan, presumably from the tornado.   The broad, wedged shaped tornado could be seen flinging houses and trees into the air.

OKLAHOMA AGAIN

The action shifted back to Oklahoma and surrounding areas toward evening, the part of the nation that was forecast to be at risk for strong tornadoes  

It was the second day in a row tornadoes took the lives of Oklahomans. I mentioned the mother and daughter who died Thursday night in that twister northwest of Oklahoma City. 

Friday night's storms focused in eastern Oklahoma, especially near Tulsa. Two people died when a large tornado mowed through the tiny city of Beggs, south of Tulsa. That tornado wrecked homes and badly damaged a school .

Another tornado caused damage on the north side of Tulsa. 

It's not unheard of to have a tornado outbreak this early in the season, but it's on the rare side, especially considering now widespread the tornadoes and the threat of twisters is with this one. 

So far, we've seen 31 reports of tornadoes since Friday.

It's possible more tornadoes could touch down today somewhere in a band from northeast Texas to western New York. The most likely place for tornadoes are western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio, where a tornado watch is in effect this afternoon. 

Another outbreak of severe weather and possible tornadoes seems like this coming Tuesday and Wednesday in the Plains and Midwest. 

VIDEOS

The Union City, Michigan tornado, as seen from across Union Lake. Click on this link to view or if you see the image below, click on that:

A guy in Three Rivers video'd the tornado as it approached the business he was in. He's damn lucky the window didn't shatter when the wave of debris and high winds hits. Click on this link to view, or if you see the image below, click on that. 

 

 

Michigan Family Gets In Zoning Trouble Over An Igloo

Here is an igloo a Southfield, Michigan family built in
February. Efforts to delay melting got them in 
trouble with the municipal zoning office. 

A family in Southfield, Michigan built a colorful igloo in their yard during a spell of cold weather last month. 

Eventually the sun came out and threatened to melt the igloo

So they put a canopy on the igloo to block the sun. It was one of those cheap portable pop up canopies small groups of people sit under for shade during summer visits to the beach.

And that, my friends, got the Roberts family in trouble from the Southfield with the city. They got a notice from the city that read: "Zoning and building approval is required for the canopy in the front yard," the notice read. "Please obtain proper approvals or remove this illegal structure."

Remember, this wasn't a permanent structure. The family just sort of leaned the canopy against the igloo, and moved it during the day periodically to block the sun. 

The city of Southfield responded with this predictably bureaucratic response:

"City Ordinance requires permits for all accessory structures, including temporary ones. These requirements are in place to keep residents safe, especially during winter weather, and to ensure structures meet placement regulations such as setbacks and front-yard restrictions"

The pop up canopy leaning against the igloo was meant
to prevent the sun from melting, However, Southfield
Michigan officials declared the canopy an
illegal structure and threatened the family with fines.

To keep residents safe? Safe from what? A piece of plasticky canvas and some flimsy aluminum poles? Safe from allowing the three Roberts girls, all under the age of 5, and neighborhood kids from having a great tine outdoors. Gotta keep those kids indoors tied to their devices instead of getting fresh air, I guess. 

And what are the fees for these permits? Are these permits just a sneaky way to siphon more revenue from the fine citizens of Southfield? 

I'm surprised Southfield officials didn't order the family to take down the igloo as an illegal structure. Each block of ice on the igloo was made of water infused with food coloring frozen into lasagna pans. 

In the end, the Roberts family removed the pop-up canopy, which apparently satisfied the zoning staff for now. Since it was removed the city graciously opted not to fine the Roberts.    

 “If their priorities are a shade that’s clearly over a kids igloo on a warm day for the last couple of days it was going to be frozen, I have got to kind of reconsider the city I live in or who I vote for,” said dad Justin Roberts said.

I heard you, brother!

Read further details on this story by clicking here on clickondetroit.com

Ice Storm Videos Really Make Us Glad We Didn't Have To Deal With That Much

The effects of last weekend's ice storm in Michigan

 Last weekend, a massive ice storm stretched from Wisconsin, through the northern Great Lakes, into southern Ontario and Quebec and into New England.  

We had our own issues with that ice, as we know, with tree damage and power outages in central and southern Vermont. 

But we didn't have it nearly as bad as places like northern Michigan and parts of Ontario. The following videos in this post are at once horrifying, beautiful and sad.

The videos brought back memories of the Great Ice Storm of 1998 here in Vermont, (And Quebec, Maine, New York and a few other places).

The trees were the saddest loss. But eventually they do come back and after several years, everything looks normal again. We hope for a fast recovery for all those who lost their beloved trees in the hardest hit areas.

The videos: 

Here's a compelling video of the ice storm in northern Michigan. It's a drive through the region, and it's a combination of sadness, beauty, awe and destruction.  Click on this link to view. or if you see the image below, click on that:

A walk through a forested neighborhood in Gaylord, Michigan reveals the damage and the almost gunshot like sounds of tree collapsing under the weight of the ice. Again, click on this link or if you see the image below click on that. 

A aerial look around Gaylord, Michigan after the skies cleared reveal the awful beauty of an ice storm's destruction. Again, click on this link to view, or if you see the image below, click on that. 

In southern Michigan, watch what increasing thunderstorms winds, finally reaching 95 mph, does to the mobile home in the surveillance video. Once again, click on this link to view or if you see the image below click on that: 

 

Day 2 Of Severe Weather Outbreak Was Bad Again, Today, Day 3 Might Be Even Worse

The United States at the moment is dealing with its second large tornado outbreak in a month, and today will be just as bad as the previous two.  

Today's severe storm and tornado risk covers a broad part 
of the U.S. Areas in orange and especially red are
most at risk. Note the dark green in southern Vermont,
which denotes the possibility of an isolated severe
storm or two this afternoon. 

On Monday, as you recall, tornadoes targeted Oklahoma and surrounding areas, killing at least one person. Another man in devastated Barnsdall, Oklahoma is missing. 

Tuesday was the second day of this outbreak, this time targeting parts of southern Michigan, along with Indiana and Ohio. 

Today, a huge area is under the gun for severe weather and tornadoes. The most dangerous area will be from northeast Texas through Kentucky, with a particular area of concern right near the Mississippi River in Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois and Kentucky.

A low risk of severe weather extends all the way to us here in Vermont, but we're expecting nothing nearly as dramatic as what will happen in the Midwest today. 

More on Vermont's weather further down in this post.  

TUESDAY RECAP 

A rare tornado emergency was declared as a large twister swept through areas southeast of Kalamazoo, Michigan. The city of Portage was hit by two tornadoes space around an hour apart. One of the twisters slammed a large FedEx distribution center, tearing off much of the roof and collapsing walls.  

The tornado trapped about 50 people in the wreckage of the building,  but they were later rescued without serious injury. 

It's always bad when a tornado hits a mobile home park, and one was hit in Portage. Nearly 20 mobile homes were destroyed and another 170 or so damaged. Up to 20 injuries were reported there, but there were thankfully no deaths, and the injuries do not appear to be life-threatening.  

The tornado also leveled a strip mall.  Employees at a Pizza Hut took shelter in a walk-in freezer while the building collapsed around them.  They ended up with no major injuries. 

In total, about 30 tornado reports came in from Tuesday's storms, on top of the 25 reported Monday. Those figures will change as meteorologists investigate tornado damaged areas to determine whether destruction in particular areas was caused by tornadoes or intense thunderstorm winds.   

The Washington Post says Tuesday was the 13th day in a row in which tornadoes were reported in the United States. Today will almost definitely be the 14th. 

TODAY

Tornadoes, as noted, are all but certain today, but how many and how strong they get depends on a variety of factors. If an intense squall line forms, there will be embedded tornadoes in that, but the greater threat in the mid-Mississippi valley into the Ohio valley would be intense straight line winds.

If that squall line isn't as organized, more supercells with possible strong tornadoes would form in the region. In any event, people in a huge area from Dallas to Cincinnati ought to stay weather aware today. 

The threat of severe storms will continue in the Southeast tomorrow. After that, the risk of tornadoes anywhere in the U.S. will diminish, but not entirely go away Friday through the weekend. 

VERMONT

Much like on Sunday, a wave of rain was moving through the Green Mountain State this morning. But this afternoon, things might evolve differently than they did over the weekend. 

After that goes, through, an area of drier air comes in. That will open up the atmosphere for some heating from the sun, which might increase instability. The drier air won't be gone dry. And there's some strong winds aloft. All this could be fuel for afternoon showers and storms, and one or two might be on the severe side.

This is where expectations for this afternoon gets tricky. The National Weather Service office in South Burlington, in their forecast discussion, said that if the incoming air is too dry, very few showers and thunderstorms will form.  If the air coming in is more moist than expected, an overcast will hold firm, preventing instability and limiting the chances of thunderstorms 

It the afternoon air is sort of mid-range in terms of dryness, that would be a window for an isolated thunderstorm or two to produce damaging wind gust or large hail.

We know that this won't be anything widespread. If anybody gets hit be a nasty storm, it will be just a couple locations at most.  The most likely zone for this would be Addison County and western Rutland county. 

Elsewhere, in northern Vermont, there could be a few thunderstorms, just a chance, but they shouldn't be severe.  

Vermont To Be In Middle Of Wide Ranging Storm, But Avoiding Worst Effects Of It

Satellite photo shows the immense storm system spreading
bad weather from southern Canada, through the 
Great Lakes, down the entire East Coast on into Florida.

 I'm impressed by what a huge area of real estate an already large building storm is covering in the eastern half of the nation. 

I'm also impressed by the wide variety of often dangerous weather it's creating. 

Tornadoes, floods, high winds, coastal flooding and heavy snow are all part of this storm, affecting areas from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Florida. 

The storm will roar right over Vermont tonight.  But aside from some local instances of strong, gusty winds and enough rain to make a few rivers come close to flood stage, we should be pretty much OK. More on that in a moment. 

Let's visit a few of the hot (and cold!) spots with this storm.

FLORIDA

The vast storm's cold front is pushing into Florida and causing a bout of severe weather. A tornado in Palm Beach, Florida yesterday tossed cars around and damaged buildings. The threat continues all day today, and eventually extends northward to the Carolinas. 

UPPER MICHIGAN

The circulation around this storm goes all the way up and off the East Coast into southeastern Canada and then southward into the western Great Lakes.

As this happens, cold air is getting pulled into the circulation.  So is moisture. Combined with water off of  Lake Superior, six to as much as two FEET  of snow are in the forecast for the northern Michigan and far northern Wisconsin. 

This isn't the latest snow they've ever gotten, but it's a pretty big winter storm for so late in the season.  That cold air will eventually wrap all the way around to the central Appalachians, so higher elevations of West Virginia could also end up with several inches of snow. 

MID-ATLANTIC

Parts of New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland have received two to as much as five inches of rain already, and another shot of heavy rain is forecast to come through today. Water is already high, so it won't take much to set off some flooding. 

On top of all that, stiff east winds are pushing waters onto shore, so a coastal flood advisory is up for many of these areas during high tides today. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE/MAINE

A fire hose of moisture with this storm will come in off the Atlantic Ocean tonight and slam into the White Mountains and the mountains of western Maine. The moisture train, forced to rise up the slopes of those mountains, will unleash torrential rains. 

As much as five inches of rain could fall on this region by Monday morning.  Brooks coming off the steep slopes of those mountains can easily become raging torrents.  I'd be a bit nervous if I lived right next to a river in much of New Hampshire and southwestern Maine. 

VERMONT

Compared to a lot of areas, the Green Mountain State is in a bit of a sweet spot to avoid the worst of the weather. Still, we have some minor hazards to look forward to. And then, an extended period of cool, showery weather lasting all week.

We will be subject to that fire hose of moisture coming off the Atlantic, but it will have lost some of its steam by the time in reaches as far inland as Vermont. Still, the eastern slopes of the Green Mountains could easily see one to a much as a little more than two inches of rain by tomorrow. 

This will trigger rises in the rivers and maybe some low land wet spots. But it doesn't look like it will be quite enough to create a lot of flooding. Still, some rivers could go to bank full, and perhaps a couple low lying roads could get covered by water. 

As the blast of air rises up and over the Green Mountains this evening and overnight,  it will gain momentum flowing down the west slopes of the Green Mountains later today and tonight.  Most of the wind won't be too bad, with highest gusts in the 40 to 45 mph range likely in much of western Vermont.

However, there will probably be some isolated pockets that go way above that, with a very few places possibly going over 60 mph.  These are the usual suspect places. Like very localized spots near Danby, Mendon, Ripton, Hanksville, and pockets of Underhill, Cambridge, perhaps up toward Bakersfield. 

I expect a few power outages, but nothing super widespread. 

We might even get some peeks of sun tomorrow afternoon behind the main weather front with this storm. But it still looks like the storm will essentially stall over the Great Lakes, northern New England and southern Ontario and Quebec through most of the week. 

We won't get all that much rain between Tuesday and Friday, but chilly winds, very frequent showers and cooler than normal temperatures will make it feel quite raw.

There might even be a hint of snow on the highest mountain peaks. Don't worry though, pleasant spring weather will come back eventually. We'll just have to wait a bit for it.